The Berggren Equation, also known as the shunt equation.
Berggren Equation Shunt Fraction Calculator
Version 1.1.3
Oxygen content
Enter oxygen content values in mL O₂/dL. The Berggren equation uses oxygen content, not oxygen partial pressure or saturation.
CcO₂
mL O₂/dL
CaO₂
mL O₂/dL
CvO₂
mL O₂/dL
Alveolar Gas Calculation (PAO₂)
Reference calculation only. PAO₂ is not substituted directly for CcO₂ in the Berggren equation.
FiO₂
%
PaCO₂
mmHg
PAO₂ = FiO₂ × (PB − PH₂O) − PaCO₂ / RQ
PAO₂
— mmHg
Assumptions: PB = 760 mmHg (101.3 kPa), PH₂O = 47 mmHg (6.3 kPa), respiratory quotient (RQ) = 0.8.
Shunt Fraction
—
<5%Normal
5–10%Mild increase
10–20%Moderate shunt
20–30%Severe shunt
>40–50%Critical shunt
No clinical values are intentionally saved by this control.
Equations
Berggren shunt equation
Qs/Qt = (CcO2 - CaO2) / (CcO2 - CvO2)Variables: Qs/Qt = pulmonary shunt fraction; CcO2 = ideal pulmonary end-capillary oxygen content (mL O2/dL); CaO2 = arterial oxygen content (mL O2/dL); CvO2 = mixed venous oxygen content (mL O2/dL). Transformations: Displayed percentage = 100 × Qs/Qt; Negative calculated percentages are clamped to 0%. Oxygen partial pressure or saturation is not substituted directly for oxygen content.
Alveolar gas equation
PAO2 = FiO2 × (PB - PH2O) - PaCO2 / RQVariables: PAO2 = alveolar oxygen partial pressure; FiO2 = inspired oxygen fraction; PB = barometric pressure; fixed here at 760 mmHg or 101.3 kPa; PH2O = water vapour pressure; fixed here at 47 mmHg or 6.3 kPa; PaCO2 = arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure; RQ = respiratory quotient; fixed here at 0.8. Note: The alveolar gas calculation is a reference calculation only; PAO2 is not used as a direct replacement for CcO2 in the Berggren equation.
References
- Berggren SM. The oxygen deficit of arterial blood caused by non-ventilating parts of the lung. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1942;4(Suppl 11):1-92.
- Cruz JC, Metting PJ. Understanding the meaning of the shunt fraction calculation. J Clin Monit. 1987;3(2):124-134. PMID: 3585433 DOI: 10.1007/BF00858361
- Hendrix JM, Burns B. Alveolar Gas Equation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Updated 2024 Sep 11. PMID: 29489223